Internet Services

Internet Services

Most of these Internet Services operate on the client/server model or concept. A computer is a client if it is receiving files, and is a server if it is sending files. Another way of putting it is you, your computer, and the corresponding software for each type of service are all clients. A server is a software that allows a computer to offer a service to another computer. The computer on which the server software runs is also called a server. To gain access to the Internet most people open an account with an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in their area. To connect they "dial-up" to their ISP's server and "log-in" with their account name and password. If you noticed, these services are loosely and interchangeably used as nouns and verbs, i.e. "please e-mail me."

Electronic Mail

E-mail, so far, is still the most popular service of the Internet. Most users get acquainted with the Internet using this service. It is better than "snail mail" by post because your message can be transmitted in seconds. It is better than telephones because the recipient doesn't have to be around to receive the message. A person also has the option to read and respond to the messages at one's convenience. Cheaper than long distance phone calls, some people are even able to send and receive e-mail wherever they go when they travel as long as they have access to a connected computer. Better than fax, through e-mail people can send forms, documents, colored pictures, etc. as attachments.

Mailing List

Listserv, a popular type of mailing list, is short for "list server"  and is based on the e-mail protocol. As an electronic mailing list it is very convenient when somebody wants to send a message or newsletter, for example, to many people at once.  There are thousands of listservs for every imaginable purpose, interest, service, and information like online newsletters, online sales or services, and class listservs. To join a listserv means to be included in the mailing list. You send an e-mail saying you want to subscribe and you will henceforth receive announcements, notices, and information through your e-mail inbox. 

Newsgroups

This is the Internet equivalent of a discussion group or an electronic bulletin board. There are newsgroups for every conceivable topic and more, from educational technology and Brazil culture to stamp collecting and mountaineering. Those with specific hobbies or unusual interests are quiet happy to have this service in the Internet when there are so few people in their area to discuss their interests with. You can usually tell a newsgroup by its name. Computer newsgroups start with comp as in comp.apps.spreadsheets. while recreational newsgroups start with rec as in rec.arts.cinema. The others are alt for alternate, soc for social, sci for science, and news for news.

Some newsgroups are moderated, others are not. If it is moderated a human moderator screens all messages and decides if these are worth posting. Discussions can be "threaded." For example, in a newsgroup for beer (alt.beer), one member might ask about good beer pubs in England and another will start discussing how to keep a beer fresh.  More than one threaded discussion can occur at the same time with different members posting their opinions and reactions to either one or more threads. 

Chat

Another popular form of communication over the Internet. Unlike e-mail, listservs, and newsgroups, chat allows people to converse in "real time." People may actually see you type your questions and responses. Chats are also organized in chat channels and chat rooms according to different factors. There are chat rooms for "techies," cat lovers, singles, etc.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol is the standard method for transferring files, whether downloading or uploading, to and from your computer with another computer on the Internet. It is fairly simple to use and is the most popular way to download software and other files from the Internet. All the files in this web site -- the HTML, graphics, etc. -- were uploaded into the Web using WS_FTP95. There are private FTP sites that require you to log-in with your account or user name and password before you are allowed to enter. There are also anonymous FTP sites that allow you to enter using "anonymous" as your user name and your e-mail address as your password. 

Telnet

Telnet is short for "terminal emulation." It is one amazing feature of the Internet that lets you use the resources of another computer in another part of the world. This is done by remotely logging to the distant computer which is called the host. Once you are connected you can operate a remote computer using your keyboard. Some systems require you to log in as a "guest" and others require your name and address, or user name and password. The telnet is most useful to access the databases of public services like library catalogs and government directories. Telnet also allows you to access your e-mail account  if you can remotely log in to your ISP's server computer. 

The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web is one the latest information service to arrive on the Internet but is arguably the technology that revolutionized the Internet. It is the fastest growing and most exciting feature. People who "surf" or "browse" are describing activities on the WWW. Other words pertaining to the Web are homepages, websites, URL, HTML, and HTTP. This section certainly deserves a page or two of its own so please click on the "Next" button to proceed.

Overview of the Internet

What is an Internet address?

As you have learned how messages are transmitted from one computer to another, every computer in the Internet must have a unique and specific address. An Internet or IP address, as it is sometimes called, consists of four numbers separated by periods. The smallest address would be 0.0.0.0 while the biggest would be 1234.5678.9101.1121. Don't worry, only computers are expected to remember all these numbers without getting confused. For humans, we use the Domain Name System (DNS).

What are domains?

Like IP addresses which are numerical, the alphabetical domain names are also separated by periods or dots. Thus, the U.S. Library of Congress will have an IP address of 140.147.248.7 and the domain name will be www.loc.gov. 

Domain names have the format: hostname.subdomain.top-level-domain. My school's domain name, for example, is ocean.otr.usm.edu. This naming structure will give you clues about the address. Ocean is the name of the host computer, otr stands for "Office of Technology Resources" which manages the system, usm is the abbreviation for University of Southern Mississippi, the sub-domain, and edu signifies that this is an educational institution. The gov for the Library of Congress indicates it is a government institution. 

Here are the existing top-level domains in the Internet:

• com - commercial


• .edu - educational


• .net - network


• .org - organization


• .gov - government


• .mil - military

Other countries sometimes add their codes at the end, such as .au for Australia, .ph for Philippines, and .fr for France, th for Thailand.

Spam mails

Spam

Spam is unsolited junk e-mail sent to large numbers of e-mail addresses. It is used to promote some product or service and many spam e-mails are pornographic in nature.

Spam Prevention

Unfortunately there are not very many good ways of preventing spam other than keeping your e-mail address secret. It should be kept at a level of security somewhere between your phone number and your social security number. You should be careful about who you give your email address to. Many companies will sell your email address to spam lists, thus making it available to spammers.

I currently use three email accounts as follows.

• The first account is the one I give to personal acquaintances.


• The second account I give to companies that have a privacy policy that I am fairly certain won't sell my e-mail address.


• The third account, I give to companies that I believe I cannot trust to sell my information. I don't worry if these companies can contact me.

I expect to change the third account pretty often, but hopefully the first two will last several years without much spam. The third account may be through a free internet email account service such as hotmail or yahoo.

Managing Spam

Besides keeping your e-mail address secret, the next best spam relief are programs that help you manage spam. Spam can be filtered at the mail server with some programs or they can be a program that plugs into your e-mail client program such as Outlook or Outlook Express. Basically these types of programs filter spam based on several characteristics such as:

• The subject line


• The address of the sender


• Some programs scan the message content and consider length or wording.

Unfortunately none of these scanning methods are 100% accurate although some claim to achieve success rates into the upper 90 percentile. What most of these programs do is to create folders for "friendly" mail or "unfriendly" mail. The friendly mail is put into one folder, unfriendly mail is put into a second folder and there may be a third folder for unknown mail. Unfriendly mail is automatically deleted after some period of time. The capabilities and handling of the mail will vary from program to program. Some that I have considered using include:

• Qurb


• I Hate Spam


• Spam Assassin

There are various opinions about what works when fighting spam. For more information and articles about how to fight spam you can find links to articles at Computer Technical Tutorials Spam .

Spam for Webmasters

If you are a webmaster, spammers will send spam to your domain by sending it to general possible accounts such as administration@yourdomain.com. One way to prevent this is to configure your account with your hosting provider not to respond to undeliverable emails and just automatically delete them. This is called a "::blackhole" setting. The only problem with this is that spammers will still use your bandwidth that you pay for to send you their junk, even though your server deletes them. As spam gets more excessive, it may increase bandwidth costs for webmasters thus discouraging some sites from operating.

Why Spam Should be Illegal

When you connect to the internet, you are paying for a specific service for your use. This service costs a specific amount of money and provides a certan connection speed to the internet. This connection speed indicates your bandwidth. The greater the connection speed, the higher the bandwidth. The higher speed connections cost more money. At this poiint you have paid for the privilege of surfing the internet with your web browser, sending and receiving e-mail, and other activities. The speed at which you can do this is limited by your bandwidth and how fast you can click pages or send or receive e-mail. Consider the Following diagram:

Each person has a connection to the internet. If the person on the right chooses to use their connection to send e-mail or junk e-mail (spam), that is their choice. They are paying for their connection and they are willing to use it in that manner.

If the person on the left does not want to receive spam, but wants to read personal e-mail and surf the internet, they are willing to receive only personal e-mail. If someone is sending them a lot of spam, they will need to wait for the junk e-mail to be delivered before they can read much of their personal e-mail. They are an unwilling participant regarding the unsolicited e-mail they are receiving. Not only is their connection being used by someone else, but it will take them additional time to sort the mix of e-mail out to get to the mail they want to read. If the receiver had willingly stated that they were interested in receiving the advertisements, it would be another matter.

Of course the sender of the spam is not using all the spam receiver's internet connection, but the spam receiver does not get the opportunity to use their connection in the way they fully intended even though they were the one paying for it. This is the same as stealing even though the effective amount may be small. Imagine, how rich you could be if you could only steal a fraction of a cent per day or week from everyone who uses the internet. That's why spam should be illegal.

Someone may argue that spam is the same as junk mail sent through the postal service so why would it be stealing. This is not true since the sender of mail through the postal service pays for the cost of both pickup and delivery. On the internet, the sender pays for the cost of pickup and the receiver pays for the cost of delivery.

The Real and Permanent Solution to Spam and Viruses

Unfortunately a permanent and good solution will take years to implement. A new mail protocol (method of sending e-mail) must be developed by the internet community and then e-mail servers must be modified to handle that protocol. The changing of the e-mail servers will take the most time.

I believe all e-mail should be digitally signed by the sender in order to be delivered. This way the sender cannot be faked and everyone must take responsibility for their own e-mails. However to get this to work right someone must find a way to keep viruses from being able to digitally sign your e-mails for you automatically. A bug in your e-mail client may allow a virus to digitally sign your e-mails causing this type of solution to be ineffective, however, in this case, there would be no doubt as to who has the virus.

Some Proposed Solutions that Won't Work

• Paying for each e-mail sent - This solution will not work because it forces people to pay for services that they have already paid for. Additionally it will not prevent spammers from using poorly configured servers to send spam illegally. It will most likely force victims (those who get viruses and administrators who have spammers illegally relay mail through their mail servers) to pay for the additional e-mail. On the brighter side, it may force more administrators to lock their systems down better and force computer users to be more careful about getting viruses. If this were done, I would think it would make the most sense to allow a limited amount of email to be send on a monthly basis for free.


• Reverse address to name lookup - Some ISP's want to use a check that looks at the address the mail came from and determine the name of the server. If the name does not match the name advertised by the sending mail server, then the e-mail is assumed to be spam and dropped with no notification to the sender. Not only does this violate the rules (protocol) governing the internet for sending e-mail, it will cut down or eliminate the ability for web based programs to automatically notifify users at some websites about events. For instance forum sites will notify when someone has posted an answer to a question. If the user's ISP uses reverse lookup, the user may never see the email from the forum website where they asked a question.